This is a very extensive and difficult topic to answer.
I happen to have a personal collection of recorded music in my own playlist that includes at least 35 separate genres, and from at least 100 countries. As widespread as it is, I don't even have 0.01% of all available choices. I like to play it all in a continuous mixed list so I hear every tune once before I complete them all. I then start from the beginning to let it run again and again. I hear each tune maybe 3 times a year.
I know that about 30% of my collection is described as "classical" music. The specific meaning of "Classical Music" refers to the music from the 1750s to the early 1820s. The oldest music in my collection dates back to the 1600s performed and recorded by more recent orchestras. A detailed explanation of old musical time line is described here, including some recorded examples:
Musical Periods: The History of Classical Music
https://www.musicnotes.com/blog/musical ... cal-music/More recent music is an extensive variety dating back to tribal chants that vary widely from continent to continent and tribe to tribe. Most instrumental accompaniment is hand made and vocalized music is often little more than chants with specific meanings ranging from celebrations to war songs. I have a variety of these recording from Australia, Africa and American Indian tribal music.
Every country has it's own range of genres that becomes recognizable and distinct on its own. Although I have many examples in my own collection, I don't know enough about any single region beyond the US to describe their unique genres.
In the US, I have a range of music from every decade: the 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s, 70s, 80s and 90s. The last album I added to my own collection was the grammys from 1996. I just don't particularly care about adding more to my own favorites and really don't like later rap or the foul mouth songs of more recent years. Lots of older songs were silly or downright stupid but at least they used clean language, even if many words were invented to fit the song.
Each decade offered a unique variety with recognizable differences. Even further, each decade also added unique genres of their own. You would be hardpressed to even list all of them, much less provide a description of each.
The most recognized music from the US would be the rock era beginning in the late 1950s, but even that has multiple subgenres. All of this is only a dot on the screen on this subject but is at least a starter on the topic.